What type of powder was historically used to launch projectiles from cannons?

The historically used powder for launching projectiles from cannons is black powder. This combustible material has been the primary propellant used in firearms and artillery since its invention in the 9th century. Black powder consists of a mixture of saltpeter (potassium nitrate), charcoal, and sulfur.

When ignited, black powder produces a large volume of gas and a significant amount of smoke, which is why it is often associated with the loud bangs and billowing clouds seen in early military engagements. Its effectiveness and availability made it a cornerstone of early artillery technology, leading to its widespread use in cannons and other firearms until the advent of smokeless powder in the late 19th century.

The other options represent either more modern materials or are not specific to the historical context. Smokeless powder, for example, was developed later and provided a significant advantage in terms of reduced smoke and increased energy output.